Introduction – Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) An Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) is a sophisticated cyberattack in which an unauthorized individual or group gains access to a computer network and remains undetected for an extended period of time. Unlike conventional cyberattacks that aim to cause immediate disruption, the primary objective of an APT is long-term data
INTRODUCTION – STUXNET Stuxnet is a highly sophisticated computer worm designed to target industrial control systems (ICS) used to monitor and control large-scale industrial facilities such as power plants, dams, nuclear reactors, and waste processing systems. Unlike conventional malware, Stuxnet enables attackers to manipulate physical equipment without the knowledge of system operators. It was the
CYBERWARFARE Security threats were once visible, physical, and easily identifiable. In contrast, today’s cyber threats are largely invisible, anonymous, and borderless. Traditional warfare operated within clear rules, geographic boundaries, and identifiable actors, whereas modern cyberwarfare is largely anarchic and lacks defined limits. As a result, governments and corporations struggle not only to combat cyber threats
In the present software development environment, increasing system complexity has made test case optimization a critical aspect of the software testing process. Traditional testing approaches require test cases to be derived from all possible combinations of input values and preconditions, resulting in an excessive number of test cases. However, in real-world scenarios, testers face time
